Sejarah komputer (bahasa inggris)

SEJARAH KOMPUTER.

In the past , processing data is done by human. Human also found mechanical and electronic tools to help a human in data processing to be able to get more quickly. A computer that we met while this is a evolution length of treasures from the old of mechanical device and electronic.

At this time computers and supporting tools have been included in every aspect of life and work.

Computers are now capable of more than just an ordinary mathematical calculations.

Among them is a computer system capable of reading gauze supermarket shopping goods code, telephone exchange that handles millions of calls and communications, computer networks and the Internet that connects various places in the world

The history of the computer according to the period is:

-          The first generation computers

-          The second generation computers

-          The third generation computers

-          The fourth generation computers

-          The fifth generation computers

1. The First Generation computers (1946 – 1959)

With the onset of World War II, the countries involved in the war sought to develop to exploit their potential strategic computer. It increases funding for the development of computers and accelerate the progress of computer engineering.

(1) Colassus

(2) Mark I

(3) ENIAC

(4) EDVAC

(5) UNIVAC I

Features Computer The Frist Generation is:

-          The use of tube a vacuum who make computers in that time a very huge shape

-          The cylindrical magnetic to data storage

-          Instruction surgically created specifically for a particular task

-          Any computer have a program of code binary different called machine language ( machine language). This means computer difficult to program and limiting the speed.

2.Computer the second generation ( 1959 - 1964 )

stretch and larc.First machine who use this new technology is the supercomputer.Ibm make the supercomputer named stretch, and sprery  rand make a computer named larc.Computer  this computer, developed for laboratory atomic energy, can handle a huge amount of data, a capability of being were really needed by

Researchers atoms.The machine very expensive and tend to too complex to the needs of computing business, so as to confine kepopulerannya.There are only two larc who never mounted and used: one of the lawrence livermore radiation labs in, california, and the other in us navy research and development center in washington d.c. Computer the second generation replace language machine with assembly language.Assembly language is language that uses abbreviation singakatan to replace binary code.At the beginning 1960, began appearing computer the second generation whose success in business, at the university, and in government.Computer the second generation this is a computer that fully using transistors.They also having component parts  whose components can be associated with computers in when this: printer, stowage in a suitable, memory, operating system, and programs.

At the beginning 1960, began appearing computer the second generation whose success in business, at the university, and in government.Computer the second generation this is a computer that fully using transistors.They also having component parts whose components can be associated with computers in when this: printer, stowage in a suitable, memory, operating system, and programs.

The characteristics of computers in the second generation:

- the use of transistors so that the size was small

- the development memory the nucleus magnetic support the development computer the second generation smaller , faster , more reliable , and more efficient in energy than his predecessors .

- the replacement of machine language is becoming the language asembly

- appear programming language cobol and fortran

3. Computer the third generation (1964 – 1970)

Although transistors in many ways to surpass tube a vacuum , but transistors produce appreciable heat , that can be reported potentially to destroy part the internal parts of computer .Quartz rock ( quartz rock ) deprive of this problem .Jack kilby , an engineer in texas instrument , develop an integrated circuit ( ic: integrated circuit in in 1958 .Ic combined three electronic components in a plate silicon small made of sand quartz .

The scientists then managed inserting a many components components into a chiptunggal called semiconductor.As a result, computers are becoming increasingly small because components components can solidified in chip.Progress computer other third generation is the use of operating systems ) ( operating system that allows a machine to run a different programs simultaneously with a major programs that monitors and coordinate computer memory.

The characteristics of computers in third generation:

- the use of ic ( intregrated circuit )

- size computers became more small

- found operating system

4. Computer the fouth (1979 – now)

After ic , the purpose of developing become more clear: shortchange the circuit and components electric components .Large scale integration ( lsi ) can contain hundreds of components of a chip .In 1980an , very large scale integration ( vlsi ) shall contain thousands of components of a chip single .An ultra large scale integration ( ulsi ) increase the number of the into millions of .The ability to install in such many components in a keping yang berukurang Half the puck coins encourage prices falling and size of computer.This is also increase the work, efficiency and dependability computer.

Chip intel 4004 made in 1971 bring progress in ic by putting all components of a computer ( of the central processing unit , memory , and reins input / output ) in a chip which very small .Formerly , ic made to work on a particular task specific .Now , a microprocessors can be produced and then programmed to meet all the needs of the desired .Not long after , any device households as a microwave oven , television , and cars with electronic fuel injection furnished with a microprocessor .

The development of this allows people the common people to use computer ordinary .The computer does not longer be domination company big companies or government agencies .In the middle of 1970 , assembler computer offer products their computer the general public .Computer this computer , called minicomputer , sold to the software that easy to use by the lay .Software that most popular at the moment was program word processing and spreadsheets .In the early 1980s , video game as the atari 2600 to attract attention consumers on a computer home more sophisticated and can be programmed.

In 1981, ibm introduced the use of personal computer ( pc ) for use in the home, office, and schools.The number of pc used jumped from 2 million units in 1981 be 5.5 million units in 1982.Ten years later, 65 million pc used. Computer continue evolution to a smaller size, of a computer that is above a table ( desktop computer ) become the that can be inserted into a bag ( laptop ), or even computers that can grasped ( palmtop ).

Ibm pc compete with apple macintosh in win a computer market .Apple macintosh become famous for popularized system graphic on his computer , while rivals still use computer based text .Macintosh also popularized the use of the mouse .

The current , we know travel ibm compatible to the use of cpu: ibm pc / 486 , pentium , pentium ii , pentium iii , pentium iv ( serially of cpu artificial intel ) .Also we know amd k6 , athlon , etc .This all get in among computer fourth generation .Along with the growing number of the use of computers at work , way new ways to dig potential the further development of the .Along with increase strong a computer small , computer the computer can connected in together in a network to share memory , software , information , and also to communicate with each other .Of computer networks allows the computer singular to establish coordination electronic to complete a process duty .By using cable directly ( called also local area network , lan ) , or phone cables , the network is can be developed into a very large .

The characteristics of computers in fourth generation:

- use lsi, vlsi, ulsi

- use microprocessors

A lot of progress in the field of computer design and technology increasingly allow the manufacture of the fifth generation of computer .Two engineering progress especially is the ability of parallel processing , which would have replaced model von neumann .Von neumann model will be replaced with a system which is able to coordinate a lot of the cpu to work in unison.

Other progress is a technology superconductors that allows the flow of electric without any obstacles, which will can speed up speed information.

Japan is state of being eminent in the socialization jargon and projects computer the fifth generation .Institutions icot for institute for new computer technology ) also created to realize .Many the report which said that this project have failed , but some other information that the success of the project computer the fifth generation of it will take new change paradigm computerized in the world .We waiting for information which is more valid and successful .You can enrich insight about computer by reading articles other understanding computer and hardware the computer what the hell ? so please read.